File
Search File
refer: http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0220filemanager.php#file_find
which (尋找『執行檔』)
locate a "program" file in the user's "PATH"
$ which -a cd
/usr/bin/cd
locate
| options | notes |
|---|---|
| -i | Ignore case distinctions |
- locate 尋找的資料是由『已建立的資料庫 /var/lib/mlocate/』
- 資料庫的建立預設是在每天執行一次
- 更新 locate 資料庫的方法非常簡單，直接輸入『 updatedb 』就可以了.
- MAC: run "/usr/libexec/locate.updatedb"
- locate can not find file in specified folder
$ locate locate.updatedb
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.10.sdk/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
/usr/libexec/locate.updatedb
/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
$ locate -i Locate.UpDatedb
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.10.sdk/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
/usr/libexec/locate.updatedb
/usr/share/man/man8/locate.updatedb.8
Find
find PATH [options]
| Options | Desciption |
|---|---|
| -name | return files if the filename being examined matches pattern. |
| -type | 文件是某類型的。 d 目錄 ; f 普通文件 |
| -d | depth; 要找第幾層的 |
$ find ./ -name "*.md"
.//Database/postgreSQL.md
.//Linux/fabric.md
.//Linux/file.md
.//Linux/pipe.md
.//Linux/shell.md
.//Others/git.md
.//README.md
.//SUMMARY.md
$ find ./ -d 1 -name "*.md"
.//README.md
.//SUMMARY.md
$ find /etc/apache2/ -type d
/etc/apache2/
/etc/apache2//extra
/etc/apache2//original
/etc/apache2//original/extra
/etc/apache2//other
/etc/apache2//users
$ find /etc/apache2/ -d 1 -type f
/etc/apache2//httpd.conf
/etc/apache2//magic
/etc/apache2//mime.types
Create File:
touch : create empty file
$ touch myfile
dd
refer: http://nathan-inlinux.blogspot.tw/2013/05/linux-dd.html
| 參數名稱 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| if | 英文為 input file，表示指定讀取來源，預設為 stdin |
| of | 英文為 output file，表示指定寫入目的，預設為 stdout |
| bs | 英文為 block size，表示讀入與寫入的大小 |
| count | 表示處理的次數 |
create a 500M testfile
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile bs=1M count=500
copy entire disk:
$ dd if=/dev/vda of=/dev/vdb bs=4096k
File Content Tools
sed
sed [Option] [Line#]Command FILE
Option: -i: edit files in place
| Line# | Means |
|---|---|
| 省略 | 表示每一行都進行此動作 |
| n | 代表第n行進行此動作 |
| n1,n2 | 代表第n1到n2行進行此動作。 |
| $ | 代表最後一行 |
| Command | Means |
|---|---|
| a TEXT | Append TEXT to following newline. |
| i TEXT | Insert TEXT to above newline |
| d | Delete a line |
| s/OLD/NEW/g | search replace OLD with NEW |
$ cat >> example << EOF
> # Title
> ## title2
> ### TITLE3
> text
> EOF
$ sed '1a =====' example
# Title
=====
## title2
### TITLE3
text
$ sed '1i =====' example
=====
# Title
## title2
### TITLE3
text
$ sed '1d' example
## title2
### TITLE3
text
$ sed '$d' example
# Title
## title2
### TITLE3
$ sed 's/title[0-9]/Head/g' example
# Title
## Head
### TITLE3
text
$ sed 's/title[0-9]/Head/gI' example
# Title
## Head
### Head
text
diff
diff [-bBi] from-file to-file
| Option | Means |
|---|---|
| -b | 忽略一行當中，僅有多個空白的差異(例如 "about me" 與 "about me" 視為相同 |
| -B | 忽略空白行的差異。 |
| -i | 忽略大小寫的不同。 |
| -N | treat absent files as empty |
| -a | treat all files as text |
| -u | output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context |
| -r | recursively compare any subdirectories found |
$ sed '1a =====' example > example2
$ diff example example2
1a2
> =====
patch
apply a diff file to an original
| Option | Means |
|---|---|
| -b | backup the original instead of removing it. |
| -i patchfile | Read the patch from patchfile. |
| -R | 代表還原，將新的檔案還原成原來舊的版本。 |
$ diff -Naur example example2 > example.patch
$ patch -b -i example.patch
$ cat example
# Title
=====
## title2
### TITLE3
text
$ patch -R -i example.patch
patching file example
$ cat example
# Title
## title2
### TITLE3
text
Monitor File Changes
incron
refer:
Installation:
# apt-get install incron
then add configurations under /etc/incron.d
with syntax format:
＜path＞ ＜mask＞ ＜command＞
Where:
- ＜path＞ is a filesystem path (each whitespace must be prepended by a backslash)
- ＜mask＞ is a symbolic (see inotify.h; use commas for separating symbols) or numeric mask for events
- ＜command＞ is an application or script to run on the events
For example:
use incron monitor the files under /root/study-notes/, if any file changes, run the update-manual.sh script automatically to update the website.
/etc/incron.d/study-notes.conf
/root/study-notes IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/BigData IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/Database IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/Linux IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/Linux/Debian IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/OpenStack IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/Others IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh
/root/study-notes/PRIVATE IN_MODIFY /root/update-manual.sh